On vault for example-improvements of spring characteristics of the vaulting table and spring board, as well as continuously increasing run-up speeds, have led to a large number of very difficult vaults performed at international competitions in the last decade. Therefore, based on performance testing of the lower limbs, training recommendations should be given specifically to the requirements of the competition vault.Īrtistic gymnastics has evolved rapidly since the introduction of the unlimited scoring system in 2006. We concluded 1) that the optimization of important physical determinants may increase the potential to perform more difficult Handspring/Tsukahara vaults and 2) that first growth and maturation and later improvements of lower body power led to higher run-up speeds of Handspring/Tsukahara in the subsequent age-group. The comparison between consecutive age-groups revealed that the U19 group had higher run-up speeds, step lengths, body weights and heights than the U17 group, while the U21 group achieved significantly higher speeds (run-up, 25m-sprint) and explosive strength than the U19 group. Looking at the age-related differences of Handspring/Tsukahara, D-score increased significantly from junior to elite level (+11.6% p < 0.01). There were no significant relationships with the D-score of Yurchenko (n = 14). Further, 25m sprint speed (r = 0.85 p < 0.01) was significantly associated with run-up speed of Handspring/Tsukahara-vaults. We found that D-score of Handspring/Tsukahara (n = 33) was strongly correlated with run-up speed (r = 0.79 p < 0.01). For this purpose, the data (of the above mentioned parameters) of 47 top-level male elite and junior gymnasts aged 14.3 to 28.3 of performance testing, gathered over three years, were analysed. Hence, the aim of this study was 1) to investigate interrelations between difficulty value (D-score) and run-up kinematics of Handspring/Tsukahara and Yurchenko vaults as well as lower body power (25m-sprint, explosive and reactive strength) and 2) to explore age-related differences of these parameters across junior and elite gymnasts performing Handspring/Tsukahara vaults. However, the physical parameters that contribute to a high run-up speed and their age-related differences remain elusive. In order to perform difficult vaults in artistic gymnastics, athletes have to achieve high run-up speeds within the limited run-up distance (25m).
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